Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Dean Hyslop
Author-X-Name-First: Dean 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hyslop
Author-Email: dean.hyslop@motu.org.nz
Author-Workplace-Name: Motu Economic and Public Policy Research
Author-Name: Dave Maré
Author-X-Name-First: Dave 
Author-X-Name-Last: Maré
Author-Email: dave.mare@ot.govt.nz 
Author-Workplace-Name: Motu Economic and Public Policy Research
Author-Name: Shannon Minehan
Author-X-Name-First: Shannon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Minehan
Author-Email: shannon.minehan@ot.govt.nz 
Author-Workplace-Name: Motu Economic and Public Policy Research 
Title: COVID-19 Wage Subsidy: Outcome evaluation 
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused substantial disruption in social and economic activity since March 2020. The New Zealand Government reacted early, introducing stringent lockdowns to restrict the spread of the virus. At the same time, it introduced a series of economic policies designed to support the health response, the largest of which was the COVID-19 Wage Subsidy Scheme (WSS). The WSS was a high-trust policy that provided subsidy payments to firms who expected to have a substantial drop in revenues because of the pandemic. The objectives of the WSS were to avoid widespread layoffs, help firms maintain employment relationships with their workers, and maintain workers’ incomes to help meet their essential needs during lockdown periods. 
This paper analyses the impacts of the WSS on both firm and worker level economic outcomes. We adopt a ‘doubly-robust’ estimation approach, that uses propensity score methods both to match subsidy receiving firms to similar non-subsidised firms, and to weight the outcomes analysis. Our analysis focuses on the first four WSS-waves: the March 2020 (Original), Extension, Resurgence, and March 2021 waves.
First, we analyse whether the WSS reached the intended people and businesses. For the March 2020 wave, subsidised firms experienced substantially greater revenue declines than unsubsidised firms: the modal reduction in revenue for subsidised firms was about 50%. We also observe larger revenue losses relative to a year earlier for subsidised firms in the Extension and Resurgence waves, but revenue changes for the March 2021 wave are confounded by the March 2020 effects. As the subsidy payments were tied to firms, it was less effective in supporting more precarious jobs and workers.
Second, we analyse the effects of the WSS on firm survival and resilience over the short (6 months) and medium (12 months) term. We estimate that receiving WSS payments had a positive effect on firm survival rates over the following 12 months for three of the four WSS waves. However subsidised firms experienced slower subsequent employment growth than non-subsidised firms.
Third, we analyse the effects of the wage subsidy scheme on worker level outcomes. We estimate positive effects of WSS receipt on job retention over both the short term (6-months) and medium term (12-months) for the March 2020, Extension and March 2021 waves; and roughly zero effects for the Resurgence wave. We also find positive employment effects for workers over the short term for the March 2020, Extension and March 2021 waves, and over the medium term for the March 2020 and Extension waves; and slightly negative effects for the Resurgence wave. However, conditional on being employed, we estimate that workers who received March 2020 wage subsidy payments experienced slower subsequent monthly earnings growth than comparable non-subsidised workers. The estimates for the later waves are more mixed.
We find no compelling evidence that the WSS supported non-viable firms, although the higher survival rate and lower employment growth of subsidised firms suggests that the WSS may have kept firms with poorer growth prospects in operation. We also find no systematic evidence that firms did not comply with their obligations to pass on subsidy payments to workers and endeavour to pay them at least 80% of their usual earnings. However, we find that some subsidy receiving firms paid workers at either the part-time or full-time subsidy rate, or at 80% of their prior earnings, during periods of subsidy receipt. This was relatively more likely to occur during the original (March 2020) subsidy wave, and to a lesser degree the Extension-wave.
Length:158 pages
Creation-Date:  2023-08
File-URL: https://motu-www.motu.org.nz/wpapers/23_03.pdf
Number: 23_03
Classification-JEL: H25, J08, J20, J63 
Keywords: COVID-19, Wage subsidy, firm survival, employment growth, earnings compliance, job-retention, employment continuity, earnings growth 
Handle: RePEc:mtu:wpaper:23_03